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The Use of Chinese in an ELT Classroom
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Should L1 be allowed in an ESL class? (We're talking about in-country, usually only one L1 present)
Yes, just to add helpful support, a "scaffold," if you will.
61%
 61%  [ 13 ]
No. It's an unnecessary crutch.
33%
 33%  [ 7 ]
Yes, but only with kids, and only to help slower students or keep discipline.
4%
 4%  [ 1 ]
Total Votes : 21

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jammish



Joined: 17 Nov 2005
Posts: 1704

PostPosted: Sat Oct 14, 2006 2:20 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

All very well Roger, but I still maintain that with Chinese kids, sometimes a bit of guidance in their own language is necessary, particularly, I would say, with the younger kids. (Kindergarten to grade 1/early grade 2)
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kev7161



Joined: 06 Feb 2004
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Location: Suzhou, China

PostPosted: Sat Oct 14, 2006 3:46 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I think Step, that probably most that are saying to use Chinese in an English class are agreeing to use it sparingly - - not 50/50 but maybe 80/20 or even 90/10 if possible. I think most English-teaching FTs worth their salt would certainly WANT a golden world where everyone (student and teacher alike) could just chatter away in English and the classroom was filled with smiling, happy students using all that English they've acquired over the years. But translating a complex (or even simple, based on the class make-up) set of instructions or having a TA figure out why little Wang Yi is crying hysterically by asking him in Chinese is reality and usually a necessity. There may be a select few on this forum who've mastered the skills necessary to have a 100% English speaking environment in their classroom and that's certainly laudable, but most of us are going to have to muddle along using the "scaffolding" I'm afraid.
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vikdk



Joined: 25 Jun 2003
Posts: 1676

PostPosted: Sat Oct 14, 2006 6:02 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Quote:
The students - especially little kids - should never know that the teacher can understand Chinese,

somebody wrote this - other posters seem to have a very different opinion, which after all seems quite natural, since the very foundation of a bilingual system must be something that aknowledges the co-existence of languages - after all learning English isn't something that should clash with an L1, but enhance it.
Quote:
The use of Chinese in an English classroom in China sounds like affirmative action fot the retarded. It ignores the fact that our students already are overfed on Chinese as the medium of instruction.

Steppenwolf - as far as this comment is concerned can we be a little more specific. how can you illustrate Chinese is being over used, do you often Observe CT's/FT's in action - your personal experiences with regard to chinese being over used, tell us in what situations this problem is most acute - from your observations can you give us some practical examples of how the teacher could improve student performance by constructing English only teaching environments in the typical teaching situations encountered by the FT (giving special attention student/teacher contact time factors) - and how this type of environment could be a "student understanderble" environment in such difficult to understand situations as grammar explanation ????
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william wallace



Joined: 14 May 2003
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Location: in between

PostPosted: Sat Oct 14, 2006 10:43 pm    Post subject: lly............ Reply with quote

nil

Last edited by william wallace on Sat Nov 24, 2007 7:35 am; edited 1 time in total
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vikdk



Joined: 25 Jun 2003
Posts: 1676

PostPosted: Sun Oct 15, 2006 2:58 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Hey WW, if your post is highlighting the problem of FT's using the English classroom as a Chinese language practice area without due regard to the task of teaching English - then I'm afraid this argument kind of falls out the discussion area regarding the support of L2 learning through an L1 - since this kind of behaviour doesn't have much to do with English teaching - and could better be described as "skiving-off" from the job in hand, rather than bringing a new dimension of bilingualism into the classroom that actualy aids L2 acquisition.
The measure of banning Chinese from all English classroom, because of the behaviour of unprofessional "teachers" does seem a tad unfair - employers seeking more professionaly qualified FT's seems a far juster solution to me - but then again why pay more and go for better when those big foreign companies like EF give out the impression that they can do the job with the same "work for peanuts" FT material.
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Gregor



Joined: 06 Jan 2005
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PostPosted: Sun Oct 15, 2006 9:35 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Thank you, Steppenwolf.
I just couldn't say it like that. That is exactly what I'm trying to get at.
I also agree with vikdk in that using English class to practice Chinese is a skive, and quite outside the topic of discussion, and thank you for saying that, sir, I would have, had you not.

I do not QUITE agree with your approach of bilingual education in a language class. It strikes me as a bit too Utopian to be practical.
But it is interesting, they way you approach it. I will at least admit that, in you (and teachers like you) case, it isn't a skive. But I still go with my own approach, with the addendum that I will be a bit more open-minded about the introduction of Chinese into an English language class.

Still, I have to say that I have never encountered anyone who approached it like you. Whenever I hear Chinese in class (in my job as a DoS, observing classes or just slyly listening in at the door), I hear either poorly-trained CTs using it as a crutch and NOT taking advantage of situations to use English, or FTs practicing their Chinese, and neither is tolerable, in my opinion.
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vikdk



Joined: 25 Jun 2003
Posts: 1676

PostPosted: Sun Oct 15, 2006 9:55 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Gregor (and indeed Steppenwolf - while considering suitable answers for my questions) you might want to consider that CT's and the way they use their traditional learning sentences, phrases and texts by rote methods (a method that makes the venerated grammar/translation approach look almost hyper-modern) - you know where English is mindlessly memorised so that it can be regurgitated to simulate English conversation - actually could be critised - through meaningfull pedagogical argument - for not using enough Chinese instruction (as in a grammar/translation approach - just like our mates the missionaries did Laughing ) with regard to trying to explain the meaning and the mechanics of the English that's being taught. Infact if you really come to think about it - for the Chinese teacher the simplest way of teaching "English" would be to use these all too common rote methods, with absolutely no Chinese included in these lessons - while just treating the students as flock of parrots who were to be drilled to make English sounding utterances - you know demoting language from a communication form into a series of almost abstract sounds Exclamation
Gregor - hope you ain't encouraging those poor ol' CT's into using these terrible methods Laughing Laughing Laughing
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Steppenwolf



Joined: 30 Jul 2006
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PostPosted: Mon Oct 16, 2006 6:04 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

vikdk wrote:


Steppenwolf - as far as this comment is concerned can we be a little more specific. how can you illustrate Chinese is being over used, do you often Observe CT's/FT's in action - your personal experiences with regard to chinese being over used, tell us in what situations this problem is most acute - from your observations can you give us some practical examples of how the teacher could improve student performance by constructing English only teaching environments in the typical teaching situations encountered by the FT (giving special attention student/teacher contact time factors) - and how this type of environment could be a "student understanderble" environment in such difficult to understand situations as grammar explanation ????


I certainly have observed my Chinese colleagues uncounted times, right from my first week in China!
At the beginning, what motivated me to lurk outside a classroom and watch a Chinese teacher "in action" was to get a grip on how they handled those 60-plus body classes, how they maintained discipline - something many of us get worked up about occasionally. I quickly learnt one thing: the teachers don't "teach" so much - they rehearse!
When they teach new vocabulary they read the new words aloud, then have the class repeat 3 times. This can go on and on for entire periods. The students meekly do what they are bidden to do... but if you watch a little more carefully you will notice some that do not participate in those goings-on. Don't be surprised to see a student holding the book upside down...and pretending to be "reading after the teacher".
In other words: what I saw was Chinese students drilling sound reflexes.
I envied those teachers who seldom had to deal with noisy, chattering or murmuring students during their classes, but I also felt these teachers weren't teaching their students English.

Is anyone surprised at how hackneyed the English sounds from a Chinese mouth? How could it be any different - say, a fluid delivery of whole sentences when these kids never utter more than a word or a phrase at a time?
And how can they learn to think holistically, i.e. learn to understand a whole clause or sentence rather than one word at any time?

If you want to teach a language you must focus on what communicative act you are trying to achieve; a communicative act is composed of X words. A clause or sentence is not the sum of all those words; rather it is an idea expressed in so or so many lexical units.

To illustrate my point: Just a small morpheme can make a huge difference for a student whether he understands or not. Takle the 'N' morpheme: It marks the negation of a statement, as in:

"I don't go home every week" as opposed to "I do go home every week".

Simple logic, right? We all can learn that in any target language. But do the Chinese really grasp it? Ask your students a negative question:
- Don't you go home every week?"
If you are lucky they will answer one way or another; most won't get the negative content. THose that actually heard the 'N' morpheme (and understood its meaning) will answer you this way:
"Yes!" (They will mean they seldom go home on weekends).
It will then be up to the FT to clarify the situation: "No, you don't go home on weekends, right?" THey haven't learnt to say "No, I don't go home...". A derelction of duty on the part of their teachers? I am afraid, it's far worse than that!

We are now talking about the realtively few who actually can think in CHinese and follow an English dialogue - virtually two-tasking. We know that if you have to rely on translation you lose out on something. Our students are hopelessly lost in most situations using English!

And my verdict is: with the kind of English instruction I have seen in Chinese teachers' classes we are actually lucky to get at least a few truly competent English learners in every class of 50 or 60 students!
But the translation method a la chinoise fails the vast majority of students all the time.

It may interest you, vikdk, that I noticed these shortcomings at college level; I then moved gradually down towards the base of the education pyramid - from colleges to kindergartens. When I taught at a kindergarten I remembered what I had seen atthe higher levels of Chinese education, and I was determined not to put these kids through the same misguided experiences.

I taught with one assistant only, and we spoke no Chinese. I didn't teach in a frontal way - we acted, played, did exercises, watched VCDs and listened to records; the kids only learnt vocabulary that was appropriate to their age and that could be explained to them without using Chinese: either we had models, or we drew.
I also told my assistant not to show her fingers to indicate to the kids any given number; (you must have noticed that Chinese teachers always jog their pupils' memories by holding up the appropriate number of fingers! I think this is counterprpoductive because it is an external stimulus for their memory).

Here is the rub: While I had a very good time, my pupils loved me (and I loved them too, needless to say!), I heard from parents whose kids were enrolled at other kindies that they would want their FT to teach their own child "more words".
That can be the greatest challenge to you: parents telling you what you should do, thus forcing you to resort to using Chinese so the kids no longer have to think for themselves when interacting with their FT! My kids learnt to juggle pronouns and verbs accurately (using the third person singular -S when needed, dropping it when not needed!) and generally knowing how to use around 400 words or so taught in one year.
That these 400 words (maybe even fewer!) had to be constantly drilled, reused, recycled, reworked in different contexts didn't enter these parents' minds! Anyway, my kindergarten let me do my work my way, and at the end of year one, grateful parents took me to a posh restaurant for dinner.
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Steppenwolf



Joined: 30 Jul 2006
Posts: 1769

PostPosted: Mon Oct 16, 2006 6:39 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

vikdk wrote:
Gregor (and indeed Steppenwolf - while considering suitable answers for my questions) you might want to consider that CT's and the way they use their traditional learning sentences, phrases and texts by rote methods (a method that makes the venerated grammar/translation approach look almost hyper-modern) - you know where English is mindlessly memorised so that it can be regurgitated to simulate English conversation - actually could be critised - through meaningfull pedagogical argument - for not using enough Chinese instruction (as in a grammar/translation approach - just like our mates the missionaries did Laughing ) with :


If you have a grounding in linguistics you may view our classroom issues from a different vantage point. I have revisited my notes I took during those linguistics classes. Here is some food for thought:

Language learners pass through different stages of of competence; we must distinguish between L 1 and L 2 learners.
L 1 learners - that is, mother tongue learners - imitate a good deal of the vocabulary and expressions they hear from their mother (hence 'mother tongue) and other custodians.
For a long time, childspeak is marked by simplicity to the point of rendering it a spearate form of natural speech analogous to a sociolect or dialect: "Mummy eat", a telegraphic utterance that can mean either:
a) Mum is eating" (or Mum must/can/should eat").
b) "Mum, give me food to eat".

At a later stage the child will produce simple but grammatically correct utterances. He or she will even be able to handle a few tenses (probably the simple past, the simple present, possibly the present continuous). Interestingly, after that stage the child enters a stage when he or she will "RETROGRESS", a term that's inaccurate:
Although the child will use simple past tenses correctly in predictable cases (regular verbs such as sleep, dance, jump) he or she will suddenly begin to add the same past form morpheme -ED on irregular verbs, creating errors such as the following:
- "We GOED to my grandparents' house..."

This is a quite noticeable development since many very common English verbs children learn at an early age are irregular: do, go, drink, eat, swim, think etc. Thus, many children annoy their parents with such faulty English for some time.
But is it so worrisome?
In fact, the child is now experimenting with the language! He has acquired some expertise, competence in using morphemes. He has yet to learn about the existence of EXCEPTIONS to the rules he is autonomously forming!

It is thanks to Noam CHomsky et al. that we know that native-speaking children go through such a phase.
For L 2 learners, the situation is radically different: they seldom learn to use language in such a creative way. Especially in China, learners have to use English in one prescribed way. No imagination is developed, no intuition can grow.

Yet, our students all have a good many problems in using the English rules competently.
According to one Roger Brown the following mistakes are commonly made by both L 1 and L 2 learners; the difference between L 1 and L 2 learners is: the former make them temporarily, the latter often as a result of their study:

1) the use of the progressive forms (-ing ending);
2) the use of prepositions on, in;
3) the correct use of the plural marker 'S';
4) the correct use of irregular verbs;
5) the use of genitives (also known as "possessives";
6) the correct use of the uncontractible 'IS' (as in "yes, it is!");
7) the use of articles;
Cool regular verbs in the past tense;
9) 3rd person singular -S

If you allow me to say, apart from No.s 5 and 6, all other problem areas tend to be present in Chinese adult speakers of English (with a university education).
According to R. Brown, these problems - and several more he listed that I thought were not pertinent to us here - come and go in native English speakers before they reach the age of 5.
But our students acquire these problems at a later stage, and they never get rid of them.

And what might be the reason?

Too much Chinese spoken by their own teachers, with too little emphasis on accurate pronunciation (don't forget that English has a quasi-phonetic script!); this in conjunction with too much Chinese thinking ("translation").

I have just had a class of post-graduate students; I told them a story (not reading from a book!).
Most of my students were overwhelmed by the most simplified English sentences - they couldn't even distinguish between past and present tenses although the story was told in a way that left no doubt it was set in the past... and do you know how students "helped" each other (when I asked one to repeat a clause or sentence)? Those providing the answers to their peers would translate it into Chinese...
Even the difference between "to walk" and "to work" was such a challenge that Chinese had to help bridge the comprehension gap...

Perhaps our Chinese superiors are caught in that time warp when B.F Skinner developed his theory of language as a form of behaviour; indeed, our learners do nothing so well as reprodcuing well-rehearsed reflexes upon hearing a Chinese cue!
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vikdk



Joined: 25 Jun 2003
Posts: 1676

PostPosted: Mon Oct 16, 2006 6:53 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Steppenwolf - how do you equate this comment -
Quote:
When they teach new vocabulary they read the new words aloud, then have the class repeat 3 times. This can go on and on for entire periods. The students meekly do what they are bidden to do... but if you watch a little more carefully you will notice some that do not participate in those goings-on. Don't be surprised to see a student holding the book upside down...and pretending to be "reading after the teacher".
In other words: what I saw was Chinese students drilling sound reflexes.
I envied those teachers who seldom had to deal with noisy, chattering or murmuring students during their classes, but I also felt these teachers weren't teaching their students English.

with this other comment you made -
Quote:
The use of Chinese in an English classroom in China sounds like affirmative action fot the retarded. It ignores the fact that our students already are overfed on Chinese as the medium of instruction.

since it seems to me that no medium classroom language (be it Chinese or English) is being used with regard to real language learning!!! Surely even the use of Chinese in this type of lesson - for the purpose of explaining/translating - would be step-up from the method you have observed being used by CT's!!!!! So how on earth could you write in your earlier post -
Quote:
students already are overfed on Chinese as the medium of instruction

when in fact the students are being starved of useful, meaningful Chinese instruction - or was your quote just a reference to Chinese education in general - and plug for the creation of those type of real immersion methods as created in Canada - (what a radical idea - is English that important????)
Actualy I think that is a bit of a bridge too far concept - one hurdle at a time you know - since at the moment the way I've seen many CT's operating, they don't seem to have enough compentence in their use of L1 (as in knowing what they are teaching/talking about) to instruct on an L2 (the old system of grammar/translation as used by the missionaries - but I don't think Steppenwolf really wants to talk about that). No I can see as far as the average CET is concerned some radical steps are needed to improve performance - and since in general their English seems way bellow the standard needed to create effective English only immersion environments then the only other realistic alternative is to take some of the principles of grammar/translation as a foundation method - but to spruce and modernise it up (most importantly making it fun - to create that motivational element - a truely invaluable element when working with kids) - employing special reference to the principles of scaffolding (the gradual removal of L1 use from the lessons) - and to emphasise and adjust it as a system to aid oral communication instead of using it mearly as tool to study and understand litterature - my idea towards one step in the direction of hopefully clearing up those bottle-knecks that have been baring the way to that very utopian of ideas - the effective/workable English only Chinese classroom Exclamation
Otherwise people like Gregor - and the Chinese headmasters/mistresses who insist on their CT's trying to create English only classes - without either adequately understanding the problems surounding this order, or investing the very considerable amounts of time needed to professionaly train their teachers - seem to be making this learning English by rote educational culture into an acceptable alternative for the CT - since you don't have to use any Chinese here Idea

Steppenwolf - I know I'm being a tad hard on you, and that when I as a reader start to wade through the flowery rhetoric of your posts - I can actualy see that you are backing me up 100% - you just have such a unique way of doing it Laughing Laughing Laughing Laughing Laughing
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jammish



Joined: 17 Nov 2005
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PostPosted: Mon Oct 16, 2006 8:13 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

One useful way to use Chinese in the classroom is to check that the students understand something you are studying (e.g. a passage). If the ideas in it etc are complicated, I think this is vital. You can use endless amounts of pictures, illustrations etc to demonstrate the meaning, but there will still be some students who don't get it. So it's useful to ask them to translate it back into Chinese (but not spoonfeed them the meaning in Chinese).

I see nothing wrong with this. I studied French at University, and we would have to translate passages two ways: French to English, and English to French.
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Gregor



Joined: 06 Jan 2005
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Location: Jakarta, Indonesia

PostPosted: Mon Oct 16, 2006 8:20 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Not that Steppenwolf needs any help from me, but vikdk, you are trying to turn this intelligent discussion (of which you are a capable contributor) into a silly semantics game.
Steppenwolf did not contradict himself in the least. When he spoke of the CTs using Chinese as a medium of instruction, that was the useless explanation of the rules of English, explained in Chinese. He sopke of the mindless repetition of English words and phrases as their means of teaching vocabulary and the stilted conversation skills we've all heard these students utter.

To an extent, I agree with you. Your way may be effective, and it may be faster than mine. I don't know. I have never seen the results of such a style, because the only teaching I have seen, I've already described, and so has Steppenwolf, i.e. Chinese teachers explaining in Chinese and engaging in rote repetition, or FTs practicing their Chinese on their English students.

Using the way I advocate teaching (and I learned what Steppenwolf describes, in my teaching courses), I have seen dramatic and positive results. This is evidence I have gathered with my own experience as a teacher and as a DoS observing other teachers.
It's not rote memorization. It's actually using the language.
I've seen it work. Students who learn good English from the CTs' methods are few and far between, and they are a testament to their own talents, emphatically NOT the CTs' teaching pedagogy. If there really IS any. Some students slip through my cracks because of being slower or less engaged in the topic or even just being overworked. Your method may be what gets through to those few slower ones. But, as you said yourself, that makes it easier for the stronger and more interested kids, who seem to enjoy the challenge presented by an English-only environment.
I'd like to see how you actually operate in the classroom before I made a decision on your method, but I have had too much success with my own, thanks so much, to try your way, which in this thread sound thought out, but not tried out.

As for Steppenwolf, all I can add is, Yeah. What HE said.
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Gregor



Joined: 06 Jan 2005
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PostPosted: Mon Oct 16, 2006 8:24 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Oh, and jammish,
Didn't mean to ignore you. You posted as I was writing.
I'm of two minds about the students' translating for me. I've done that. I can imagine doing it again. It kind of breaks the spell, if you know what I mean, but it's quicker. I try to avoid it, unless it's not the focus of the lesson. But even then, I feel like I somehow cheated. It IS sort of a cheat, for weaker stuents, isn't it? The stronger ones translate and the weaker ones get the translation.
Good for private lessons, though.
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vikdk



Joined: 25 Jun 2003
Posts: 1676

PostPosted: Mon Oct 16, 2006 8:39 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Gregor - steppenwolf said this -
Quote:
In other words: what I saw was Chinese students drilling sound reflexes

that seems very different to me than having their English explained, translated or whatever - they were just learning sounds with no other learning being envolved - something you might be driving CT's into doing with your insistence on English only classes - that is if the CT is not capable or trained to carry out this task. Infact I don't think my argument has much to do with silly semantics - more like plain ol' observation through practical experience all mixed up with a bit of professional reflection - after all doesn't Steppenwolf seem to back up my observations Laughing Laughing
You should try it some time (the observation/reflection bit - and a bit less emphasis on creating classes that try to mirror the way you learnt how to speak Chinese - as described in the DOS thread) - you might learn something about Chinese education that way and thereafter find effective ways of creating good English learning environments that are suited to majority of students - and are more easily managed by both FT's and CT's alike Laughing Laughing Laughing
As for this one -
Quote:
which in this thread sound thought out, but not tried out

looks like we're in for a bit of old post rehashing here - groaaaaaaaaaaaan - actualy it's only kindy stuff but dates back 3 years now and can be relevant to teaching all children up to ages of around 10 years old.
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Gregor



Joined: 06 Jan 2005
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PostPosted: Mon Oct 16, 2006 9:15 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

vikdk, man,
I'll tell you what. I would have either trained or just got rid of the CTs I've worked with, if it were within my authority to do so. You're right, if they don't know what they are doing, it turns into mindless drilling or Chinese explanation, or both.
But that isn't the point. We're talking about what SHOULD be; what works the best.
How I'm learning Chinese is based on A) my experiences with Chinese teachers wanting to speak English in the classroom and B) my having to study on my own, in which case a LITTLE bit of English is helpful.
So what are you refering to here:
Quote:
You should try it some time (the observation/reflection bit - and a bit less emphasis on creating classes that try to mirror the way you learnt how to speak Chinese - as described in the DOS thread)

I want a teacher to speak NO ENGLISH AT ALL in class. That is what I'm trying to achieve in English classes - no Chinese.
As for self-study, well, a bit of Chinese seems appropriate, but not relevant to this discussion.
I mean, it is my experience that NO Chinese in class is beneficial. I think I made that clear. Or am I not getting your meaning?
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