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Language as an Instrument of Culture

 
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kermo



Joined: 01 Sep 2004
Location: Eating eggs, with a comb, out of a shoe.

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 1:28 pm    Post subject: Language as an Instrument of Culture Reply with quote

Hello all,
I wrote the following in my blog to try to explain a little about Korean culture and language to my friends and family. I've only been here 5 or 6 months, but I've been studying the language on my own, so I have a pretty sketchy base to work upon.
I'm putting it out here so that you folks can expand upon it or correct it, based on your experience with the language and its relationship to culture. I really appreciate your input, because there's a lot I don't know, but would like to.
Quote:


Language is not only a tool with which we discuss the world, but it's also the filter through which we receive it. Feminism has made much of words like "woMAN" and "HIStory", but it's difficult overall for English speakers to be aware of the ways in which our language reflects and reinforces cultural values.

As I learn Korean, I'm struck by the ways in which the language describes traditional beliefs, and indoctrinates each new generation. I've discussed some of this before, but I want to shine a spotlight on it and share what I've learned as fully as I can.

Titles

1)We Are Family
When addressing strangers, it is polite to use a term specific to your ages and gender. Middle aged people are "aunt" or "uncle": "ajumma" or "ajossi". A slightly older peer would be "older brother" or "older sister", but there are different terms depending on whether the speaker is male or female. Girls often refer to their boyfriends as "opa" which means "older brother". A young woman not well known to the speaker is "agassi" (unmarried woman). Seniors are often referred to as grandparents.

It's easy to understand why Koreans ask apparently personal questions such as age and marital status upon meeting a Westerner, because they have learned to immediately arrange people into categories of younger/older, single/married.

2)Finding Your Place on the Totem Pole
When addressing one's boss, names are rarely used. Instead, titles like "Director" or "Principal" are substituted. The equivalent of "sir" or "Mr." is "������" which literally means "teacher". This can be used with a name attached, or without. There is no special word for addressing younger siblings or friends, because their rank is lower.

An awareness of status is critical in every sentence, spoken or written, because there are three or four verb forms depending on the relationship between speaker and listener. Sometimes there are different words altogether, like the word for "sleep" or "sit". Peers use almost no suffixes on their verbs, as it denotes a close, friendly relationship. Children must use "respectful" forms when addressing their parents or teachers, without exception. Here is the question "Where are you going?" conjugated in all four modes, from most casual to most formal:

Odi ga?
Odi gayo?
Odi gaseyo?
Odi gashimnikka?

The form of the verb depends on the speaker's age relative to the listener, and the difference in status. It would be inappropriate for me to use the third or fourth form with a child, though I may choose to be polite and add a cursory "yo" to the verb. In fact, adding the syllable "yo" to a one-word response, even one without a verb, is considered quite polite.

Even pronouns are status-sensitive. When referring to myself, I use different words depending on who I'm talking to.

What's Mine is Yours

In the Korean language, it seems to be impossible to explicitly state sole ownership. I haven't been able to find a word for something that's just "mine". Instead, a word equivalent to "ours" is used. This leads to phrases like "our wife" between non-bigamists, or "our mother" between people who are not siblings. It's not confusing for the native speaker, as far as I know, though I don't know how the following situation might be avoided:

Madame A (upon meeting a long-lost love): Mr. B! I can't believe I'm seeing you again! I have someone to introduce you to. I'd like you to meet.. (dramatic pause).. OUR DAUGHTER.

Mister B (not a bit flustered): Why, it's nice to meet you, little girl. Sorry, but I've got to run. I'm meeting our wife for a cappuccino.
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Leslie Cheswyck



Joined: 31 May 2003
Location: University of Western Chile

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 5:14 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Quote:
Odi ga?
Odi gayo?
Odi gaseyo?
Odi gashimnikka?


Obla di, Obla da, Life goes on Bra!
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Leslie Cheswyck



Joined: 31 May 2003
Location: University of Western Chile

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 5:18 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I love it when Koreans blurt out "Oh my God!"

I sometimes get on them about it.

"Hey, what's this 'Oh, my God'? Is He not OUR God?"
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billybrobby



Joined: 09 Dec 2004

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 5:27 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

It looks very good to me, although I'm no expert either. But if your looking for a word that means "mine" it is ����. and "my" is �� (short for ����, i think) or �� (����). Definitely Korean language is more 'communal' than English, but I think that �츮 stuff is only used when whats mine really is also someone else's. �츮 ����, �츮 �ƹ���, �츮 �б�. I don't think Koreans would ever say �츮 ������ because my spoon isn't yours or anybody else's. Unless they worked for a spoon-making company, in which case they would yak all day about the fine craftsmenship of �츮 ������.

That is a funny example about �츮��. I also don't know what phrase you would use to indicate that the daughter belongs to Mister B. I guess you'd have to approach it from a different angle.
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Gunshake



Joined: 01 Feb 2005

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 6:42 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Hi kermo,

Well, well, well...

You are a strong proof explaining how much native english teachers can be contributory to the people of korea in terms of cultural awakening as well as the simple function to add some mother tongue touch to their vocal organs when babbling english.

You really deserve the compliments because your approach to the korean language is keenly analytical with the compassion and willingness to unerstand the culture of this country.
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JacktheCat



Joined: 08 May 2004

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 6:49 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Another interesting cultural comparison is the word used to signify an employer in Korean and other languages. It can tell you a lot about employer\employee relationships in that culture.

In English we say boss which means basically "top person" or "first among a group of people."

The Korean word is wonjongnim and basically translates as "little prince."

the Chinese word is laoban which translates as "old tree" or "learned one."
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VanIslander



Joined: 18 Aug 2003
Location: Geoje, Hadong, Tongyeong,... now in a small coastal island town outside Gyeongsangnamdo!

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 6:57 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I appreciate the op's analysis, but, to make his point, reverse the order of causation:
Culture is an instrument of language.
Learning Korean imparts a worldview and values.
As does the English we are teaching the younger generations.
("Is that book hers? No it's mine.")
The more you learn to speak other languages the more aware you become of the profound differences in culture being inculcated linguistically.
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phaedrus



Joined: 13 Nov 2003
Location: I'm comin' to get ya.

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 7:11 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

....

Last edited by phaedrus on Tue Feb 08, 2005 5:45 pm; edited 1 time in total
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kermo



Joined: 01 Sep 2004
Location: Eating eggs, with a comb, out of a shoe.

PostPosted: Thu Feb 03, 2005 7:29 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

JacktheCat wrote:
Another interesting cultural comparison is the word used to signify an employer in Korean and other languages. It can tell you a lot about employer\employee relationships in that culture.

In English we say boss which means basically "top person" or "first among a group of people."

The Korean word is wonjongnim and basically translates as "little prince."

the Chinese word is laoban which translates as "old tree" or "learned one."


I think Boss can also denote "guy at the end of the level with lots of hit points that takes about three stages to defeat." Ah, the many nuances of English.

Thanks for that insight though. That was nifty.
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