Interesting article on global English

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jotham
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Post by jotham » Mon Jul 30, 2007 4:36 am

English was well on its way long before Reagan and Thatcher.
Yes, which is what I said earlier about free-markets and mercantilism, embraced by the British Empire, going centuries back. It's probably because of those principles that enabled the Empire to be in a position it was to establish so many colonies, rightly or wrongly. Forcing free trade with colonies or other countries may be wrong, but the concept itself of free trade and free markets isn't wrong.
English is dominant because of Anglo-American principles of capitalism and the free market with its ensuing prosperity.The good old British Empire, backed by Her Majesty's Royal Navy, helped a little too.
Taking your argument (that global languages today were historically established by forced colonization), Spanish should be the global language. The effects of their forced colonization seem more widespread today. But the status of Spanish today doesn't match their historical colonization — because most of their economies have been and are in shambles.
I also wonder if Hong Kong, due to it's prosperous market, furthers the influence of Cantonese more than it does English.
But I'm sure the prominence of English is a result of many things, so we may both be right. But I would hesitate to shrug off economic considerations as a total non-factor.
Last edited by jotham on Thu Aug 09, 2007 11:14 am, edited 1 time in total.

metal56
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Post by metal56 » Sun Aug 05, 2007 10:30 am


Eric18
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Excellent article - good discussion

Post by Eric18 » Tue Aug 07, 2007 8:06 am

Thank you for posting the excellent article. I also enjoyed reading the discussion - even with the twists and turns over the widespread collaboration of French with the Nazi occupiers. Check out the classic documentary "The Sorrow and The Pity" if you doubt the depth of French sympathy for fascism during WWII.

The connection between languages, economics, and tolerance remains a source of great debate.

Let's just say that the English-speaking nations of England, the United States, Canada, and Australia have a far better track-record on minimum human rights than most other linguistic groups.

Shalom

Eric
www.compellingconversations.com

Machjo
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Re: Excellent article - good discussion

Post by Machjo » Thu Aug 09, 2007 2:09 pm

Eric18 wrote:Let's just say that the English-speaking nations of England, the United States, Canada, and Australia have a far better track-record on minimum human rights than most other linguistic groups.
In the realm of language expansion policy, not at all true. I'd recommend the following:

http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/03022.html

Here's just one quote from it:

"Today, about 87 percent of U.S. residents speak English as their first language. What happened since 1776 is a matter of history--of contest, conflict, even persecution. In the antebellum South, for example, slaveowners and traders sometimes cut out the tongues of slaves unable or unwilling to speak English. When General Benjamin Butler was commanding the Union troops occupying New Orleans in 1862, he had some Francophones executed--specifically, some scholars believe, to discourage the use of French. In subsequent decades, Blackfoot Indians sent to boarding schools were forbidden to speak their native language, and were beaten if they did so. During World War I, certain state and local governments proscribed speaking German in public, hoping to dampen old allegiances among the nation's six million German immigrants. And throughout U.S. history, other less dramatic factors have contributed to English's emergence as our dominant tongue."

You should read David Cristal's "English as a Global Langauge" too. It has similar quotes of one schoolboy getting the cane for speaking his native tongue near the school... in Africa! And this author published a book in the '80's so he might even still be alive today.

And in Canada, only a couple generations ago Indian school children could get a needle pierced through the tongue for speaking their Indian tongues. And don't forget Indians only got the right to vote in Canada on 31 March, 1960! Your parents were probably alive then. Maybe yourself, depending on your age. So let's not forget our linguisitc history so quickly and imagine ourselves angels in the process.

It's only natural that there will be at least some conflict as a result.

Eric18
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Interesting, but a sad sideshow

Post by Eric18 » Thu Aug 09, 2007 3:33 pm

Thank you for the fascinating article from Harvard. I'm glad to read it, and as your excerpt clearly shows, many bigots have committed cruel acts to force people, sometimes held in slavery and other times held in government run schools, to learn English. Of course, similar and worse stories can be found about German, Spanish, Russian, Japanesse, and French. You can't blame a language for the brutish thugs who impose it.

Yet these rare, isolated and brutal exceptions also reveal the fact that millions of people have voluntarily chosen to learn English to improve their lives across the centuries. Further, English - as oppossed to many other fine languages - avoids linking adjectives or nouns to gender so there are no linguistic barriers to women gaining greater equality. If, as in many languages, the words "weak" "stupid" and "kitchen" are feminine than it will be far harder for those civilizations to recognize the full intelligence, creativity, or humanity of half of their population. So let's start with the simple fact that Australia, England, Canada, and the United States have a far, far better record on recognizing the legal, social, and political rights of women than so other fine languages.

Do we need to continue to juxapose the behavior of governments, not just individuals, in imposing languages in the 20th century? I hope that your acute awareness of the sins committed in the name of English has not blinded you to the crimes committed by the Chinese in Tibet, the Germans across Europe in World War II, an entire generation of military dictators in Central America against native Indian populations, and the Russians during the Cold War. Let's just count laws and corpses, and maintain a consistent standard.

English-speaking countries, even ignoring the Englightment documents like the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, have a long, and honorable record of defending human rights that few international languages can match.

metal56
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Post by metal56 » Thu Aug 09, 2007 4:55 pm

If, as in many languages, the words "weak" "stupid" and "kitchen" are feminine than it will be far harder for those civilizations to recognize the full intelligence, creativity, or humanity of half of their population.
You do know that masculine and feminine, when related to language, have nothing to do with human gender, don't you?

And take a look at some of the main English adjectives found accompanying the word "woman":

SEXUAL

AVERAGE

DOMESTIC

DEPENDENT

SOCIAL

CENTRAL

HUMAN

RECENT

GUILTY

BODILY

ASIAN

ANONYMOUS

ACTUAL

COMPETENT

FINAL

PREVIOUS

COMMON

RESPECTABLE

WORKING

PUBLIC

ENTITLED

INDIVIDUAL

MIDDLE-CLASS

SIMILAR

EARLIER

EFFECTIVE

EMOTIONAL

ESSENTIAL

EQUAL

DEPRESSED

Compare that with some of the main adjectives accompanying the word "man:

THIN

TALL

DARK

SURE

BEARDED

NICE

BIG

CLEVER

FRONT

BEAUTIFUL

GENTLE

GREY

HEAVY

SMALL

COLD

FINE

STUPID

AFRAID

LITTLE

DIRTY

FUNNY

SAD

TALLER

HARD

BEST

RED

EVIL

KINDLY

SUDDEN

DEAD

BRIGHT

....

Food for thought?
Last edited by metal56 on Thu Aug 09, 2007 5:51 pm, edited 1 time in total.

Eric18
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Good point, but

Post by Eric18 » Thu Aug 09, 2007 5:36 pm

You make a good point. Adjectives matter. Sexism exists.

Yet the speaker and writer gets to choose the adjective and link it to the gender of their choice in English. In contrast, many langauges - particularly tribal languags - link particular attributes with a set gender. Obviously, that creates and sustains another barrier for women seeking equality in those nations.

metal56
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Re: Good point, but

Post by metal56 » Thu Aug 09, 2007 5:53 pm

Eric18 wrote:You make a good point. Adjectives matter. Sexism exists.

Yet the speaker and writer gets to choose the adjective and link it to the gender of their choice in English. In contrast, many langauges - particularly tribal languags - link particular attributes with a set gender. Obviously, that creates and sustains another barrier for women seeking equality in those nations.
Interesting. What are some of those tribal languages?

Machjo
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Re: Interesting, but a sad sideshow

Post by Machjo » Fri Aug 10, 2007 4:57 am

Yet these rare, isolated and brutal exceptions also reveal the fact that millions of people have voluntarily chosen to learn English to improve their lives across the centuries. Further, English - as oppossed to many other fine languages - avoids linking adjectives or nouns to gender so there are no linguistic barriers to women gaining greater equality. If, as in many languages, the words "weak" "stupid" and "kitchen" are feminine than it will be far harder for those civilizations to recognize the full intelligence, creativity, or humanity of half of their population. So let's start with the simple fact that Australia, England, Canada, and the United States have a far, far better record on recognizing the legal, social, and political rights of women than so other fine languages.

Perhaps. This still doesn't change the fact though that those who are well aware of this history (mainly those who have been affected by it themselves, or who have heard the horry stories of their beleved parents, still living today across Canada and the US, as in many parts of the former British Empire) will certainly hold certain feelings about English. And sensitivity would be needed among native speakers there.

Now as for gender, that is a grammatical convention. You would have to presnet some valid scientific research that proves conclusively that grammatical gender necessarily leads to sexism. When I say 'la cuisine', I have no notion of it being reserved for women. If you believe that, then you've obviously never studied a gender-based language. In Arabic, if I say Al-Khalifat, despite the feminine standard plural suffix, I have no illusion of the historical Khalifat of Islam having been women, as I'm sure no educated Arab would. i will acknowledge though that such problems could occur among the less education as can be attested by some mother-tongue speakers of English insisting that god has got *beep*.

In Persian, none would have this idea due to gender being non-existent in its grammar.

At this stage, you bring up a good point, though. in the event that there are points in a langauge that could lead to misunderstanding, ought the teacher be more careful in teaching it probperly to avoid such misunderstandings, or ought we to re-engineer the language. While god sounds fine to my ears as a Parsian u:, He would sound odd in English as an 'it'.

By the way, I often use 'he' rather than the substandard generic singular 'they' and it bothers me not in the least.

Do we need to continue to juxapose the behavior of governments, not just individuals, in imposing languages in the 20th century? I hope that your acute awareness of the sins committed in the name of English has not blinded you to the crimes committed by the Chinese in Tibet, the Germans across Europe in World War II, an entire generation of military dictators in Central America against native Indian populations, and the Russians during the Cold War. Let's just count laws and corpses, and maintain a consistent standard.

It hasn't. But why would we be debating Chinese issues in an EFL forum? English isn't a Chinese language last I checked. In a Chinese forum, you bet I'd be lashing out at language policy in China. Each forum has its purpose.

Now as far as suggesting that the thief ought to be praised because he's not a murderer is really a drop in standards. I do not compare. I expect the highest from all. So in an EFL forum, I'll certainly point out the challenges facing English regardless of other languages being better or worse. That's neither here nor there.

English-speaking countries, even ignoring the Englightment documents like the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, have a long, and honorable record of defending human rights that few international languages can match.

But I know at least a handful that can hands down.

Eric18
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Really?

Post by Eric18 » Fri Aug 10, 2007 9:18 pm

Really? You confidently state that you can name a few international languages with a better track-record of human rights and a less sexist culture. Consider me curious.

What international languages do you have in mind?

As for your valiant defense of gender grammar and claims that you can't make any clear link between sexism and language, I would suggest you quickly review the laws (not even social taboos or conventions) of various language groups. One might inquire as to when women gained the right to own property in their own name, choose their husband, vote in elections, and drink in public. You might have another basic checklist, but the point remains quite clear. Language can, and often does, create additional barriers to women achieving equality under the law, in practice, and in social situations.

By the way, I've enjoyed this dialogue quite a bit. I understand and appreciate your point about the thief is not a murderer, but stealing remains a bad thing. Unfortunately, in our rush to exalt various ideals, we can often fail to make vital distinctions among imperfect human societies.

Stephen Jones
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Post by Stephen Jones » Sat Aug 11, 2007 9:05 am

Yet the speaker and writer gets to choose the adjective and link it to the gender of their choice in English. In contrast, many langauges - particularly tribal languags - link particular attributes with a set gender. Obviously, that creates and sustains another barrier for women seeking equality in those nations.
What ignorant rubbish. Gender is the assignment of nouns to specific classes; there are languages which actually have as many as 35 different genders. The fact that in certain indo-european languages gender correlates with sex for some words is an historical accident.

Still, it is expecting too much to expect contributors to a forum on applied linguistics to actually know any basic linguistics.

metal56
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Post by metal56 » Sat Aug 11, 2007 9:23 am

Still, it is expecting too much to expect contributors to a forum on applied linguistics to actually know any basic linguistics.
You do, don't you, Stevie? Then there's hope for all of us.

Machjo
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Re: Really?

Post by Machjo » Mon Aug 13, 2007 3:29 am

Really? You confidently state that you can name a few international languages with a better track-record of human rights and a less sexist culture. Consider me curious.

What international languages do you have in mind?


I'll have to break my answer up into two parts here:

1. Languages with a better track record of human rights:
Esperanto along with pretty well any other planned language. The very principle that motivates many to learn Esperanto, for instance, is in fact the 'Interna Ideo' (Internal Idea), an unwritten idea shared among many Esperanto speakers that justice demands that an international language be designed to be easy to learn so as to make the world accessible to not only the elites, but to all.

Granted some Esperanto speakers would hardheadedly hold to Esperanto specifically and would be unwilling to consider other projects, but many are. Just like in other cultures, Esperanto culture is not necessarily made up of a homogenous group, and not even all Esperanto speakers have learnt it for altruistic motives. But if we consider that only a small number of people in special niche industries can make money out of Esperanto, it would be reasonable to suppose that the majority learn it for philanthropic or otehr motives.

And I would assume this to be typical of most if not all planned languages.

2. Languages with a less sexist culture.

Culture goes much further than grammatical gender as we were discussing it in a previous thread. So to get back at a previous thread, I'll deal with gender first, and then the wider culture beyond grammatical gender.

As for gender neutral languages, Persian is 100% gender neutral (English he and she colllapse into one common animate pronoun, with the equivalent of it for the inanimate. This would mean that even God would be grammatically animate neutral as opposed to masculine as is the case in standard English.

Now as for wider culture, the Babi movement begun in 1844 was the first religious movement the sacred text of which mentionned explicitely the equality between men and women, one of its most famous martyrs, Tahirih having said "You can kill me as soon as you like, but you cannot stop the emancipation of women". She'd even turned down a marriage proposal to the Shah himself with the following quote from the Qur'an:

"Ye worship not that which I worship, nor do I worship that which ye worship. I shall never worship that which ye worship, nor will ye ever worship that which I worship. To you be your religion, to me my religion."

Her story was made famous by the French diplomate A.L.M. Nicolas, eventually put on stage in France, and so inspired the suffragette movement, later to spread to Britain, and eventually to so influence New Zealand so as to be the first nation on earth to grant women the right to vote in 1893.

So if we are talking about religious culture, then women's equality began in Iran. If we're talking about national cultures, then it started in but was mostly rejected by iran, spread to France, but cuminated in legal equality in New Zealand in 1893. So the question of one culture being more or less sexist is a subjective one. Are we talking about a language culture, a religious culture or a national culture?

More clarification would be needed here.

As for your valiant defense of gender grammar and claims that you can't make any clear link between sexism and language, I would suggest you quickly review the laws (not even social taboos or conventions) of various language groups. One might inquire as to when women gained the right to own property in their own name, choose their husband, vote in elections, and drink in public. You might have another basic checklist, but the point remains quite clear. Language can, and often does, create additional barriers to women achieving equality under the law, in practice, and in social situations.

Strange. As mentionned above, Persian has no grammatical gender, yet Iran today can still be quite sexist, yet the first religious movement to spell out equality in its sacred texts came from Persia. So while your theory would hold true for the religious movement, it would not hold true for current Iranian laws, not to mention that most Persians rejected and even persecute the new movement, while the movement is having more success in the west.

Meanwhile, English does have masculine and feminine gender, including for God, and sometimes colloquially for vehicles (referring to a car or boat as 'she' for instance), yet an English-speaking country was the first to grant women the right to vote. So according to your theory, Iran ought to have embraced on a large scale equality of the sexes long before Englsih countries did, especially seeing that the idea had been openly and fervently discussed and defended there first, thus giving Iran a headstart. This headstart still proved worthless, and eventually an English country that refers to god in the masculine and sometimes to boats in the feminine was the first to accept it legally, despite having started the debate soon after the debate was already being persecuted in Iran.

By the way, I've enjoyed this dialogue quite a bit. I understand and appreciate your point about the thief is not a murderer, but stealing remains a bad thing. Unfortunately, in our rush to exalt various ideals, we can often fail to make vital distinctions among imperfect human societies.

I've enjoyed the exchange likewise. Of course I'm not suggesting we go out and ban English instruction altogether, but mearely that we be more aware of sensitivities non-native speakers may have towards it due to various historical, cultural, political, economic and other factors.

jotham
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Post by jotham » Mon Aug 13, 2007 4:10 am

Correct me if I'm wrong. In French, the word they is necessarily categorized either male or female with ils and elles. If you have a group of one hundred females, they are naturally female &#8212; elles. If you have a group of ninety-nine females and one male, however, they are all male nonetheless &#8212; ils. English treats them without gender either way.

Eric18
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Bahai and Esperanto

Post by Eric18 » Tue Aug 14, 2007 12:36 am

Thank you for sharing those inspiring examples. The Esperanto movement and Bahai faith both have gently tugged individuals toward a saner, more tolerant perspective.

Alas, Esperanto's has had very, very limited influence and shows few signs of emerging as a global language in practice as well as in theory. The Bahai, unfortunately, have long lost any power in contemporary Iranian society and have been brutally persecuted by the ruling theocratic dictatorship.

Perhaps the emergence of English as the default global language, given its superior record in human rights and creating less sexist societies, offers some hope for a more humane, tolerant global culture. At least English teachers can do their best in their classrooms.

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