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Too many foreign loanwords in Korean?
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kermo



Joined: 01 Sep 2004
Location: Eating eggs, with a comb, out of a shoe.

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 6:26 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I was at The Coffee Bean the other day, and realized for the first time that "straw" is a four-syllable word. No joke. Suh-tuh-roh-oo.

I was watching TV this morning and kept noticing words like "Si-jon" (as in Nanny 911 Si-jon 3) and "Rah-oon-duh" (like the the three minute divisions in a boxing match.)

I can understand and appreciate loan-words that express a concept in a fresh or succinct way, but didn't straws and seasons and rounds exist before English arrived in Korea?

The French are notoriously resistant to loan-words (there's actually a group called the Academie Francais that leads the charge, aided by the Ministry of Culture), but in their struggle they've come up with some rather beautiful and elegant terms to replace the foreign invaders, like "couriel" instead of "email." They've also recommended words like "baladeur" and "logiciel" instead of "walkman" and "software."
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/world/2003-07-18-french-email_x.htm
(That article was skeptical that 'couriel' would catch on, but I've certainly heard the term used by French people.)
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mithridates



Joined: 03 Mar 2003
Location: President's office, Korean Space Agency

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 7:04 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Here's the page on how it works in Icelandic (one of the least authoritarian places in the world, #1 on the list for lack of corruption and most press freedom):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_Icelandic

They have the advantage of having old Icelandic texts being readable to the average person so they know what pure Icelandic looks like, whereas Korea a problem in not knowing exactly what pure Korean would be. Is it Korean stripped of its English words, Japanese ones (they got rid of most of those already), or even all its terms derived from hanja? Or maybe even the opposite, Korean written in hanja? People have differing opinions on that so I doubt anyone could be made to agree in the first place.

What can be done though is to realize that importing massive numbers of foreign loanwords can actually be detrimental to the learning of the language, as well as for other people that are trying to learn Korean. There could also be a bit of cooperation between the two Koreas on shared vocabulary as sometimes one country is capable of keeping the other one from going out of control with the language. I think they've collaborated on a dictionary before. North Korea will have to chill first though before anybody starts to care what kind of Korean they use.


Here's a test Wikipedia in Korean with all the hanja included:

http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ko-hanja

Here's the article on history:

Quote:
韓半島 一帶에 人間이 살기 시작한 것은 舊石器 時代이지만 오늘날 韓國人이 形成된 것은 新石器 時代로 보고 있다. 이 때 빗살무늬 土器로 代表되는 獨特한 農耕文化가 勃海 沿岸에서 發達했다. 紀元前 8000年 前부터 韓半島 및 滿洲 일원에 居住했던 新石器 時代의 사람들과 紀元前 10世期에 韓半島 및 滿洲 일원에 居住했던 靑銅器 時代의 사람들이 오늘날 韓國人의 直系 祖上으로 推定되고 있다.

歷史的으로 紀元前 2333年에 檀君王儉에 依해 建國된 高朝鮮은 紀元前 4世紀 後半과 3世紀 前半에 燕나라와의 戰爭에서 敗하여 西쪽의 據點들을 大部分 내어주고 中心地를 平壤 地域으로 옮겼다. 以後 漢나라는 漢四郡을 設置하였으나 이는 韓半島를 直接支配하는 形態가 아니라 但只 商業的인 役割만을 했을 것으로 推定된다.

高朝鮮은 紀元前 108年에 漢나라에게 滅亡당했으며 그 後 高朝鮮 內 勢力들 中 一部는 慶州 隣近 辰韓 땅으로 移動하여 6個村을 이루며 살다가 紀元前 37年 斯盧國을 成立시켜 新羅로 發展하였다. 한편 滿洲 地域에서는 夫餘에서 朱蒙 一派가 卒本 地域으로 南下하여 土着 貊族과 聯合 또는 倂合하여 高句麗를 建國하였다. 朱蒙 一派와 瑠璃 一派가 卒本 地域으로 移動해 오자 溫祚와 沸流一派는 南쪽의 馬韓 地域으로 移動하여 馬韓 北部 地域의 漢江流域 一帶를 中心으로 百濟를 建設하게 된다.

高朝鮮 滅亡 以後 北쪽에는 高句麗, 南쪽에는 百濟와 新羅 및 伽倻 等이 힘을 키웠다. 이 中 高句麗, 百濟, 新羅로 代表되는 세 나라는 中央集權體制를 確立시켜 數世紀 동안 서로 競爭하기도 하고 交流하기도 하면서 發展했다. 이 時期를 三國時代라고 부른다. 新羅는 伽倻를 服屬시키고 後에 唐나라와 同盟을 맺어 三國의 힘의 均衡이 깨어졌으며, 百濟와 高句麗를 滅亡시킨 後에는 唐나라를 몰아내 三國을 統一하였다. 또한 大祚榮이 靺鞨族을 거느리고 滿洲와 沿海州 一帶에 高句麗 繼承을 主張하며 勃海를 建國하여 新羅와 對立하였다. 이 時期를 南北國時代라고 한다.

10世紀에 들어서면서 新羅는 세 나라로 紛裂되는데, 이를 後三國時代라고 한다. 그 중 弓裔의 太封이 가장 强力하였으나, 暴政으로 人心을 잃게 되었다. 918年에 王建이 王位에 올라 國號를 高麗로 바꾸고 首都를 開京으로 옮겼다. 935年에 高麗에 依하여 混亂期를 거쳐 命脈이 끊긴 新羅가 滅亡하였고, 다음해에 後百濟 또한 滅亡하여, 後三國이 다시 統一되었다. 勃海 역시 遼나라에 의해 滅亡되었다. 이 混亂期에 建國된 高麗는 競爭勢力들을 물리치고 옛 新羅 疆域을 確保하며 勃海의 流民들도 吸收해 韓半島에 最初로 單一國家를 形成하여 거의 千年 동안 韓半島에 單一國家가 維持하면서 高朝鮮과 三國 等의 多樣한 傳統을 繼承하여 同質化된 獨特한 民族文化가 이루어졌다.

13世紀에는 元나라가 侵入하여 高麗末까지 元나라로부터 적지 않은 影響을 받았다. 高麗王朝는 15世紀에 李成桂의 威化島 回軍으로 終末을 告하게 되었다. 그리고 高麗를 뒤이은 朝鮮은 李成桂에 依해 創建되었으며 首都를 漢陽으로 삼았다.

朝鮮은 19世紀 末 列强에게 이른바 門戶를 開放하지 않으면 안 되게 되었다. 1897年 俄館播遷으로 러시아帝國 公事館으로 옮겨갔던 高宗이 德壽宮으로 還宮하고 國號를 大韓帝國으로 고치고 光武改革을 實施하였다. 그러나 러日戰爭에서 勝利한 日本은 乙巳條約을 締結하여 統監部를 設置하였으며, 獨島를 一方的으로 그들의 領土로 編入시켰다. 그 後 李完用, 宋秉畯 等의 親日內閣의 主導로 日本과 韓日合邦條約을 締結하여 1910年에 國權을 喪失하였다.

日本에 强制合倂된 後 韓國人들은 1919年 3月 1日의 3�1 運動을 契期로 國內外에서 獨立運動을 展開하여 上海 臨時政府를 樹立하였다. 初期에는 大統領制로써 李承晩이 大統領이 되었지만 뚜렷한 活動을 벌이지 못해 李承晩을 美國의 歐美委員部로 밀어내고 金九가 主席이 되어 韓國의 獨立運動을 主導하였다. 獨立軍은 滿洲 一帶에서 武裝 獨立運動을 하여 靑山里 大捷에서 勝利하였으나 以後大虐殺로 沈滯되었다. 第2次 世界大戰에서 聯合軍의 一員으로 參與하고 미얀마 戰線에서 英國軍과 함께 對日本 戰鬪에 參與하였다. 1945年 8月 15日 太平洋 戰爭에서 原子爆彈이 投下된 日本이 美國에 無條件 降伏함으로서 韓國은 主權을 되찾게 되었다.

光復 以後 政治的 混亂과 無秩序 속에 있던 韓國은 얄타 會談에서 이루어진 非公式的 合意에 따라 소비에트 聯邦과 美國의 影響圈 下에 들어갔다. 韓半島의 緯度 38度線을 境界로 北쪽에는 소비에트 聯邦의 影響 밑에 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國이, 南쪽에는 美國의 援助 밑에 大韓民國이 國家的 모습을 갖추게 되었다. 그러나 1950年 6月 25日 開戰한 韓國戰爭으로 커다란 被害를 보았고, 1953年 休戰協定이 締結된 後 軍事分界線을 境界로 現在까지 休戰 狀態가 繼續되고 있으며, 南韓과 北朝鮮은 서로의 政治的 理念에 따라 現在까지 緊張된 關係를 維持하고 있다.
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denistron



Joined: 21 Oct 2006
Location: Busan

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 7:15 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

One of my co-workers told me that 빵 is also apparently the french word for bread. When I told him the word is "pain" he looked at me like I was being ridiculous.

Another french word used that is my all time favorite: pension. It is doubly hilarious because they say it with an English pronunciation.

Any other french ones?
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jaganath69



Joined: 17 Jul 2003

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 7:16 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

mithridates wrote:
Here's the page on how it works in Icelandic (one of the least authoritarian places in the world, #1 on the list for lack of corruption and most press freedom):



I don't know if I would agree with you that Scandinavian socialism fits the definition of free. I personally fail to see what role government has in regulation of language as it strikes me as one of those things that defies control anyhow.
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mithridates



Joined: 03 Mar 2003
Location: President's office, Korean Space Agency

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 7:43 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

jaganath69 wrote:
mithridates wrote:
Here's the page on how it works in Icelandic (one of the least authoritarian places in the world, #1 on the list for lack of corruption and most press freedom):



I don't know if I would agree with you that Scandinavian socialism fits the definition of free. I personally fail to see what role government has in regulation of language as it strikes me as one of those things that defies control anyhow.


Here's how the index was compiled:

http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19391

Apparently it's not about quality of the press, just press freedom, but press freedom is certainly an indication of how far away a country is from totalitarianism.

The role of government in language is quite large though. Indonesian is spoken by nearly everybody in the country when it wasn't a few decades before, Korean stopped using hanja and went all hangul after the war and now few people can read more than a few hanja, China and Japan simplified their kanji/hanzi, etc. Generally the only time where government has little control over language is when there's a large and powerful minority in the country, like Russians in Kazakhstan and Estonia that don't really have an interest in learning a language spoken by so few people.
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Qinella



Joined: 25 Feb 2005
Location: the crib

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 7:46 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

denistron wrote:
Any other french ones?


hurenchi hurai! (known in Paradise as Freedom Fries)
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mithridates



Joined: 03 Mar 2003
Location: President's office, Korean Space Agency

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 7:51 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

denistron wrote:
One of my co-workers told me that 빵 is also apparently the french word for bread. When I told him the word is "pain" he looked at me like I was being ridiculous.

Another french word used that is my all time favorite: pension. It is doubly hilarious because they say it with an English pronunciation.

Any other french ones?


Bread actually comes from the Portuguese P�o through Japanese, though they both come from Latin originally so it's not a big difference.

I first thought that 슈크림 was shoe cream until I saw it written choux cream somewhere else. Ah.

I think my favourite of all time was in a Japanese paper where I was reading news about the US election and trying to study the language when I saw a word called Su-pa- chu-zu-dei. Super Choose Day? WTF they call the US election Super Choose Day? That's the stupidest thing I ever heard.

Of course, it was actually Super Tuesday.
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billybrobby



Joined: 09 Dec 2004

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 8:07 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I think that the way the Korean language uses Chinese is systematic and logical, similar to the way English uses Latin. Whereas the way Korean uses English is just a mess. If you know latin roots, you can hazard a guess as to what a words 'reduction' or 'agriculture' mean. But perfect knowledge of English gives you no clue as to what a word like 오바이트 means. (FYI, this incredibly tortured bit of konglish means "to throw up" and comes from the word "overeat". Albion weeps.)

Despite this, I'm not sure if it's a problem. To be sure, I don't like Konglish. As an English speaker I find Konglish practically offensive, because it treats my only birth-tongue as if it is just a catalogue of trendy utterances to pepper ad copy with. But I think the pertinent question is whether Konglish is really hampering Koreans ability to understand each other. So, they have 2 words for ice. It didn't hurt the eskimoes, did it? (just kidding -- we all know eskimoes are pathetic). And old people can't understand it, but what do old people understand anyways? If that's the criterion, then we wouldn't be able to use any new slang at all.

I guess my main problem with Konglish is the same problem I have with all buzzwords and vogue phrases -- people tend to use them to disguise their own stupidity and lack of innovation. What's worse is when old American buzzwords wash on these shores. I just got done reading a Korean corporate brochure all about "paradigm shifts" and it's been 10 years since the Simpsons declared 'paradigm' to be a word that "dumb people use to sound important."
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Woden



Joined: 08 Mar 2007
Location: Eurasia

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 8:57 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

CentralCali wrote:
All words are made-up words.


Very good point!

I find it extremely strange to even argue the point that a language is using too many loan words - it shows a complete misunderstanding of what language actually is.

Using this logic, English is the most bastardised language on the planet, yet in reality it is loved for its versatility and adaptability. All languages change through contact with other people, cultures, and languages and that is what is happening now with Korean. It is also a completely democratic process as it is entirely up to the language users themselves whether they want to appropriate a word or discard one.

Language needs to be open and adaptable as it is part of the social world which is always changing with it. If you worry about 'loan words' or 'foreign influences' in language then you fundamentally misunderstand language.
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jaganath69



Joined: 17 Jul 2003

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 10:12 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

mithridates wrote:
jaganath69 wrote:
mithridates wrote:
Here's the page on how it works in Icelandic (one of the least authoritarian places in the world, #1 on the list for lack of corruption and most press freedom):



I don't know if I would agree with you that Scandinavian socialism fits the definition of free. I personally fail to see what role government has in regulation of language as it strikes me as one of those things that defies control anyhow.


Here's how the index was compiled:

http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19391

Apparently it's not about quality of the press, just press freedom, but press freedom is certainly an indication of how far away a country is from totalitarianism.

The role of government in language is quite large though. Indonesian is spoken by nearly everybody in the country when it wasn't a few decades before, Korean stopped using hanja and went all hangul after the war and now few people can read more than a few hanja, China and Japan simplified their kanji/hanzi, etc. Generally the only time where government has little control over language is when there's a large and powerful minority in the country, like Russians in Kazakhstan and Estonia that don't really have an interest in learning a language spoken by so few people.


I was referring to free as in the concept of government staying out of your life. Probably an abstract concept for most.

Re Indonesian, whilst Suharto pushed for all citizens to speak 'bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar' (correct and proper) I think you will find the spread of popular media has had a lot to do with the spread of the language. That being said, there is a definite move back to regional patois in some popular drama since the centralizing and homogonizing tendencies of the new order government have slackened. Hell, you weren't even allowed to write Chinese characters when I first went there.

I agree governments do have a lot to do with standardizing language, what I am saying is they shouldn't.
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CentralCali



Joined: 17 May 2007

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 10:59 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Woden wrote:
CentralCali wrote:
All words are made-up words.


Very good point!


Thanks. My A.B. is in Linguistics, after all. Smile

Quote:
I find it extremely strange to even argue the point that a language is using too many loan words - it shows a complete misunderstanding of what language actually is.


Yet another very good point! Languages use words. Words are created. And sometimes they're copied from other languages, where they were created in the first place. Those other languages often have different phonetic and phonemic systems, thus requiring a bit of alteration in the loanword. The loanword, of course, must come from contact with another language. It's not so hard to understand that in the past Chinese was the major contact language for Korean, then Japanese took over that role, and now English (and sometimes German and French) are in the cat-bird seat. Big deal. It's language. I'd venture that King Sejong would have an awful time understanding modern Korean, even without the English loanwords.

I recall not so long ago an article in the Korea Times or the Korea Herald about a visting North Korean official (IIRC, an Army General) complaining about the English loanwords in South Korea. Evidently he's completely ignoring the huge number of Chinese loan words in the North.
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SPINOZA



Joined: 10 Jun 2005
Location: $eoul

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 11:18 pm    Post subject: Re: Too many foreign loanwords in Korean? Reply with quote

mithridates wrote:
What's a netizen?


I ask the same myself. I've come to the conclusion that it's a Korean person who uses the internet and has (and posts) opinions about stuff.

Ooooh, "what will the foaming-at-the-mouth netizens think about this?" Rolling Eyes

Horrible jargon.

This guy has it right: http://www.thebestpageintheuniverse.net/c.cgi?u=banish ("Blogger: Term used to describe anyone with enough time or narcissism to document every tedious bit of minutia filling their uneventful lives.....Podcast: Someone had the revolutionary idea of taking a compressed audio file and putting it online. Yeah, doesn't sound so sexy when I describe it for what it is, does it you morons? It would have been a great idea if streaming audio wasn't already around for over a decade before the word "podcast" entered the lexicon. Man, I can't stand the word "lexicon." Talking about all these shitty words has made me start using shitty words. I'm so pissed, I just slammed the door shut on some kid's nuts.")
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cdninkorea



Joined: 27 Jan 2006
Location: Seoul

PostPosted: Sun Aug 05, 2007 11:43 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

jaganath69 wrote:
I was referring to free as in the concept of government staying out of your life. Probably an abstract concept for most.


It's an abstract concept for everyone: for it to be concrete, you'd have to be somewhere where government stays out of your life. At present there is no such place.
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SPINOZA



Joined: 10 Jun 2005
Location: $eoul

PostPosted: Mon Aug 06, 2007 12:28 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Denistron (and others): don't forget 'arbeiter' (simply 'worker' in German, but 'part-time' (plus young, university student?) worker in Konglish, or Kongman).

English borrows words from other languages when it doesn't quite have anything that fits the bill - kiosk from Turkish, Karaoke from Japanese, ombudsman from Swedish, veranda from one of the Indian languages, apartheid from Dutch. This is an excellent policy because it adds depth and shades of meaning to the language. This says much about the English-speaking people � open-minded, tolerant to a fault � as opposed to xenophobes like the French and the North Koreans. The French believe themselves to be superior to the rest of humanity (and certainly to Brits and Americans, despite the fact we saved them from invasion twice) and this is reflected in their policy on foreign (particularly English) loanwords.

Konglish is also a reflection on South Korea � somewhat open to foreign (mainly American) influences but often strictly on their own terms, hence English loanwords in Konglish being completely different in meaning from the original. This is of course very interesting, but frustrating when you�re trying to have a conversation with a Korean person (in a mixture of Korean and English) and they say a Konglish word in the mistaken belief that its meaning has not been Koreanized, like �support/suppotter� � WTF is that?? Totally irrelevant to the discussion we were having. I asked for a Korean word instead, and he seemed to be talking about public/state services.
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Alyallen



Joined: 29 Mar 2004
Location: The 4th Greatest Place on Earth = Jeonju!!!

PostPosted: Mon Aug 06, 2007 1:04 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

SPINOZA wrote:
Denistron (and others): don't forget 'arbeiter' (simply 'worker' in German, but 'part-time' (plus young, university student?) worker in Konglish, or Kongman).

English borrows words from other languages when it doesn't quite have anything that fits the bill - kiosk from Turkish, Karaoke from Japanese, ombudsman from Swedish, veranda from one of the Indian languages, apartheid from Dutch. This is an excellent policy because it adds depth and shades of meaning to the language. This says much about the English-speaking people � open-minded, tolerant to a fault � as opposed to xenophobes like the French and the North Koreans. The French believe themselves to be superior to the rest of humanity (and certainly to Brits and Americans, despite the fact we saved them from invasion twice) and this is reflected in their policy on foreign (particularly English) loanwords.

Konglish is also a reflection on South Korea � somewhat open to foreign (mainly American) influences but often strictly on their own terms, hence English loanwords in Konglish being completely different in meaning from the original. This is of course very interesting, but frustrating when you�re trying to have a conversation with a Korean person (in a mixture of Korean and English) and they say a Konglish word in the mistaken belief that its meaning has not been Koreanized, like �support/suppotter� � WTF is that?? Totally irrelevant to the discussion we were having. I asked for a Korean word instead, and he seemed to be talking about public/state services.


Spot on, Spinoza. Konglish is English on Korea's terms...This makes sense even if the result makes little to no sense to English speakers Laughing
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