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Stages of development in Language Acquisition
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Juregen



Joined: 30 May 2006

PostPosted: Mon Nov 05, 2007 10:46 pm    Post subject: Stages of development in Language Acquisition Reply with quote

I am doing a lot of "self study" in the area of language acquisition.

I am also hoping if there is something like the above title, is there a collection of research that covers this topic?

Titles and names would be nice.
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grainger



Joined: 21 Sep 2006
Location: Wonju, Korea

PostPosted: Mon Nov 05, 2007 10:57 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I remember studing this in teachers college but I don't remember any book titles off the top of my head. It basically works like this though:

1. First comes listening, followed closely by speaking as required.

2. Second comes reading.

3. Last to be perfected is writing.

Of course there will be overlap but these are the three stages to achieving proficency. I've known adults who could speak all but fluently but couldn't write worth a damn.
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jbpatlanta



Joined: 02 Jun 2007
Location: Daejeon

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 12:45 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

try Stephen Krashen Principals and Practice in Second Language Acquisition Talks about conscience versus subconscience stages to acquire a second language.

or

Selinker International Review of Applied Linguistics talks about interchange which is his views on stages of language of acquisition. I have not read this one myself but it was quoted on one of my textbooks. Mybe useful.
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SuperHero



Joined: 10 Dec 2003
Location: Superhero Hideout

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 2:16 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

forget Krashen.

If you want to know about SLA you need to read Rod Ellis (speaking at Oxford day on Nov 17th coincidentally). His writing is dense but well worth reading.
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Berghoff



Joined: 25 Oct 2007

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 2:30 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Don't forget Brown. The man is a god to our people. Brown, H.D. - Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. If you can make it through that book, you are a better person than I.

Easier read: Lightbrown and Spada - How Languages are Learned.

Also, haven't read, but heard good things... Gass and Selinker - Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course.


Gonna throw in my approval of Krashen, too.
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Juregen



Joined: 30 May 2006

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 2:38 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

okay

I see that this topic is well researched. Good now to read all of it.

Thanks for all the suggestions.
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spyro25



Joined: 23 Nov 2004

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 3:50 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

i have it in one of my books, but i left it at school. i will get it for you tomorrow and post it on here.
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cubanlord



Joined: 08 Jul 2005
Location: In Japan!

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 4:33 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Berghoff wrote:
...Gass and Selinker - Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course.


I finished my SLA course last semester with an A in the class. We used this very book. Two thumbs up. This is one of the better selections out there.
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ddeubel



Joined: 20 Jul 2005

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 2:49 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

I think a more valuable question would be - Is there a language window?

I think within this question, lies the clues and answers to the process of language acquisition. Using a model of how we learn L1 and then applying it to L2 acquisition has brought about some startling (nevertheless not definitively true) observations - especially when comparing twins.

DD
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Fishead soup



Joined: 24 Jun 2007
Location: Korea

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 3:39 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

My personal favorite is

I Own the Room
I Control the Class

By Steve Shertzer
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PRagic



Joined: 24 Feb 2006

PostPosted: Tue Nov 06, 2007 7:49 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

You could also try a quick search on scholar.google.com. The engine weeds out most of the non-academic stuff. Sometimes you have to search through some of the options to find a downloadable version. Still, aside from a library/university supplemented search engine, it's pretty good for academic purposes. Good luck.
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Manner of Speaking



Joined: 09 Jan 2003

PostPosted: Fri Dec 07, 2007 5:38 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

ddeubel wrote:
I think a more valuable question would be - Is there a language window?

I think within this question, lies the clues and answers to the process of language acquisition. Using a model of how we learn L1 and then applying it to L2 acquisition has brought about some startling (nevertheless not definitively true) observations - especially when comparing twins.

DD


By language "window" I guess you are talking about the Critical Period Hypothesis?

I'm doing two courses on SLA now and it's been very confusing to sort out. Best I can figure out:

- there is a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) hard-wired into the human organism for L1. It is also available for learning an L2, L3, up to a certain age.
- after a certain age, the LAD is not so available, but it is still possible to learn an L2 but you must depend more on general cognitive skills.
- after the Critical Period, it's more difficult to learn an L2, but less difficult to learn an L3.

Our textbook is an excellent 200-page overview:

Lightbown, P.M., & Spada, N. (2006). How languages are learned (3rd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Manner of Speaking



Joined: 09 Jan 2003

PostPosted: Fri Dec 07, 2007 5:51 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

PRagic wrote:
You could also try a quick search on scholar.google.com. The engine weeds out most of the non-academic stuff. Sometimes you have to search through some of the options to find a downloadable version. Still, aside from a library/university supplemented search engine, it's pretty good for academic purposes. Good luck.


PRagic,

Google is also beta-testing a new general search engine called http://www.searchmash.com . Very nice, minimalist interface with no ads.
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Samantha



Joined: 20 Jul 2006
Location: Jinan-dong Hwaseong

PostPosted: Fri Dec 07, 2007 6:18 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

You also have to take into account which theory you want to follow. Like any set of competing theories they each have their good points and bad, and places where they out right contradict each other.

There's the Critical age hypothesis: In a nutshell,
Quote:


"The hypothesis is that at a certain point in a person�s development typically the onset of puberty, the learner loses the ability to achieve a native fluency in the target language. After this cut-off point, �biological changes in the brain � result in the two hemispheres of the brain functioning independently. After this neurological change takes place, acquiring native-like competence in a second language becomes difficult, if not impossible� for the student (Nunan, 1999, p.41).

�It has been argued that the optimum age for acquiring another language is in the first ten years of life because it is then that the brain retains its maximum �plasticity� or flexibility� (Nunan, 1999, p.42).


Critical period leads into a discussion about Chomsky's Universal Grammar

Quote:
Chomsky theorized that all humans are born with a basic set of grammar building blocks and tools hardwired into their brains. This universal grammar is then shaped by what the baby/infant hears prior to speaking. Once the child develops the ability to speak he or she will already instinctively (implicitly) know what is and is not correct speech in his or her native language. This concept then leads to the question:
What happens if the individual has acquired a native language in a normal fashion and attempts mastery of a second language [L2] in adulthood? In other words, is access to the language faculty a domain-specific property associated with language acquisition before puberty, or do normal adults who have all acquired one fully developed grammar still have access to the full gamut of principles and parameter values numerated within UG? The question of whether or not adult L2 learners continue to access UG as they attempt to learn a non-primary language� (Rothman, 2005, p.3).


Another theorist is Stephen Krashin, his theory incoporates the concepts of implicit and explicit knowledge with Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development.

Quote:
. Krashen�s theory is that

� There are two mental processes operating in second-language acquisition: conscious learning and subconscious acquisition. Conscious learning focuses on grammatical rules enabling the learner to memorize rules and to identify instances of rule violation. Subconscious acquisition is a very different process, and facilitates the acquisition of rules at a subconscious level. According to Krashen, when using the language to communicate meaning, the learner has to draw on subconscious knowledge. There was nothing particularly new or radical in the suggestion that there were conscious and subconscious processes functioning in language development. What was new and radical was Krashen�s assertion that these processes were totally separate, in other words, that learning could not become acquisition (Nunan, 1999, pgs 43-44).

In conjunction with the conscious learning and subconscious acquisition, Krashen also believed that the acquisition �takes place through comprehension. In other words, when the student understands a message in the language containing a structure that is one step in advance of that learner�s current level of competence, then that structure will be acquired� (Nunan, 1999, p. 44).


References are from:

Nunan, David (1999). Second Language Teaching & Learning. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.

Rothman, J (2005). On adult accessibility to Universal Grammar in second language (L2) acquisition: Some evidence from the L2 acquisition of Spanish. Los Angeles, CA: University of California.

There are many other theorists, I listened to Ellis' lecture at Oxford day as well, I liked what he had to say, it made a lot of sense as well. This is just the information I had on the comp. I pulled these quotes out of the thesis I wrote on language acquisition issues for adults. It was supposed to be an action research project but I didn't quite do it the way the program intended, so it didn't come out as well as it should have.

I hope this gives you a bit of a starting point of where to do more research. Smile
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Juregen



Joined: 30 May 2006

PostPosted: Fri Dec 07, 2007 8:42 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Theory is always nice, but i am looking for more practical use of these theories in the end.

how to correctly identify the level(s) and abilities of a student and then supporting this student with the correct material to go to the next stage.
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